Joseph stalin biography brevettato

During Stalin's thirty-year dictatorial rule, the Soviet Union greatly enlarged its territory and transformed itself from a relatively backward country into the second most important industrial nation in the world. These achievements came at a heavy price, which included the loss of millions of lives, political repression, an untold waste of resources, and the establishment of an inflexible and dictatorial system of rule.

A czar is a ruler who exercises unlimited power over the people.

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His father, a former serf member of a servant class who works the soilwas a shoemaker, and his mother was a domestic servant. Iosif, or Joseph, better known as Soso, grew up speaking Georgian and only learned Russian at the age of eight or nine. In he began attending the church school at Gori. He did well in his classes, especially in religious studies, geography, and Georgian.

He also studied Greek and Russian. When he left the school inhe was near the top of his class. Stalin won a scholarship to study at the Tbilisi Theological Seminary, Georgia's leading educational institution. During his first year there, he received high marks; the next year, however, he began to rebel against the institution's stern religious rules.

He smuggled banned books into school, and joined secret study groups opposed to the Russian czarist government. At one point he was sent to a punishment cell for five hours for not bowing to a school official.

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Inthe seminary directors expelled him for spreading subversive views extremist ideas, often against the government. Stalin's mother wanted him to become a priest and was disappointed when he pursued another course in life. Years later, even after he had become leader of the Soviet Union, she considered him a failure for not having completed his religious studies.

Stalin had begun reading Marxist works while still at the seminary, focusing especially on the writings of Russian Marxist Vladimir Lenin. Marxism—the belief that a revolution by the working class would eventually lead to a classless society—would furnish the basis of Stalin's worldview for the rest of his life. InStalin was hired as an accountant at the Tbilisi observatory.

Russia's Social Democrats, members of a communist party opposed by the czar, had been using the observatory as a hideout, and Stalin ultimately joined them. Communism is a set of political beliefs that advocates the elimination of private property. It is a system in which goods are owned by the community as a whole rather than by specific individuals and are available to all as needed.

A police raid exposed this association, and Stalin was fired from his accounting job. From this point on, Stalin was a professional revolutionary. At the turn of the twentieth century, Stalin became active in the militant wing of the Russian Social Democratic Party. He was arrested in and deported to Siberia, a frozen wasteland in eastern Russia, but he escaped and was back in Georgia two years later.

He first met Lenin, the leader of the radical Bolshevik faction of the Social Democratic Party, inand became a devoted follower. Bolsheviki in Russian means "majority," though the Bolsheviks didn't have greater numbers in the party. The Bolsheviks thought the party would be more effective if it were small, limited to professional revolutionaries whose actions were coordinated.

Their opponents in the party, the Mensheviks minoritybelieved in a massparty that was loosely organized. Lenin secretly approved of joseph stalin biography brevettato robberies, which he called "expropriations," to finance the Bolsheviks. InStalin was involved in several bank heists in Georgia. To avoid connection with any illegal activities, the local party expelled him, and he disappeared.

He spent the next few years organizing Bolshevik factions and spending time in exile. InLenin broke from the Social Democratic Party and formed a new party. That year Stalin spent some time with Lenin and his wife in Krakow, in present-day Poland, and then went to Vienna, Austria, to study Marxist literature. Lenin saw in Stalin a dependable—and ruthless—enforcer of the Bolsheviks' will and nominated him to the party's Central Committee.

However, Stalin was arrested shortly thereafter and exiled once again to Siberia, where he remained until the czar was overthrown in He adopted the name Stalin "man of steel" about After the fall of czarism, Stalin made his way at once to Petrograd St. The October Revolution of placed the Bolsheviks in power and Lenin became the new ruler of Russia.

Lenin had come to admire Stalin for his loyalty and his organizational talents, particularly the way he could get things done, and he named Stalin to his cabinet as Commissar of Nationalities. In his book, Stalin: Breaker of Nations, Robert Conquest quotes an insight into Stalin's particular set of strengths made by American communist John Reedwho observed that Stalin was "not an intellectual….

He's not even well informed, but he knows what he wants. He's got the willpower, and he's going to be at the top of the pile some day. Beginning inLenin set up a number of agencies to manage government affairs. Stalin volunteered to be a member of various party committees and newly formed agencies.

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The most important of these new agencies was the Secretariat, which grew from thirty members in to more than six hundred in That year, Lenin made Stalin general secretary of the party Central Committee. Under Stalin, the Secretariat became the Communist Party 's real center of power. As general secretary, he had the power to appoint local secretaries who would, in turn, select delegates to party congresses.

In this manner, Stalin gradually packed the party's legislative bodies and staff with his own supporters. In MayLenin suffered the first of a series of debilitating strokes. Later that year, he expressed second thoughts about having given Stalin so much power. In a document that severely criticized Stalin "Testament, "Lenin said: "After taking over the position of General Secretary, Comrade Stalin has accumulated in his hands immeasurable power and I am not certain whether he will always be able to use this power with the required care….

Stalin is excessively rude. Lenin was faulted by the Bolsheviks for allegedly compromising on some of the Communist Party 's josephs stalin biography brevettato, and political turmoil began to brew in the Soviet Union even before his death in January After Lenin died, the party, now called the All-Union Communist Party, was headed by a collective leadership that included Stalin; Leon Trotsky —who had organized the Red Army the official name of the Soviet Army and still headed it; Lev Kamenev — and Grigory Zinovyev —the party bosses in Moscow and Leningrad the newly named St.

Petersburgrespectively; and Nikolay Bukharin —the party's leading theorist. Each of these men was ambitious and hoped to serve as the party's next leader. A shrewd and ruthless politician, Stalin was able to maneuver his opponents out of power by skillfully manipulating their jealousies and personal rivalries. First, he aligned himself with Kamenev and Zinovyev against Trotsky, who was soon ousted as head of the army.

He was later driven into exile and killed by one of Stalin's agents in Mexico CityMexico. Next, Stalin teamed up with Bukharin in order to move against Kamenev and Zinovyev. Meanwhile, Stalin's agents within the party undermined popular support for Kamenev and Zinoviev. Delegates at the Fourteenth Party Congress in voted to expel them both.

Stalin then turned against Bukharin, who met secretly with Kamenev and Zinovyev, warning that Stalin would eventually strangle them if not stopped. However, it was much too late: Stalin had gained absolute control of the party. He later had Kamenev, Zinoviev, and Bukharin shot. Stalin was of short stature and had black hair, black eyes, a short skull, and a large nose.

He was often crude and cruel, cunning and distrustful. He was also vengeful to the point of paranoia, experiencing obsessive suspicions and delusions that others were bent on doing him harm. In political life he tended to be cautious and slow-moving, dealing with powerful people behind closed doors rather than with the public. He was not a popular or charismatic speaker.

But Stalin possessed boundless energy and a phenomenal capacity for absorbing detailed knowledge. Stalin seems always to have been a lonely man. His first wife, a Georgian girl named Ekaterina Svanidze, died of tuberculosis. His second wife, Nadezhda Alleluyeva, committed suicide inpresumably in despair over Stalin's dictatorial rule of the party.

The two children from his second marriage outlived their father, but they were not always on good terms with him. The son, Vasili, an officer in the Soviet air force, drank himself to death in The daughter, Svetlana, fled to the United States in the s. Once in control of the Soviet Union, Stalin began to push a plan for rapid, forced industrialization: the development of industries through systemized manufacturing or refinement of products by many people in one place, usually a factory or plant.

Stalin's Five-Year Plan for industrialization officially began in Factories, dams, and other enterprises were constructed all across the Soviet Union. By lateSoviet factories were producing basic industrial products such as steel, machine tools, and tractors. However, these achievements had a high cost and caused much suffering for the Russian people.

Workers were paid low wages, sometimes only enough to buy the basic necessities of life. Consumer goods and food were often scarce. Changing jobs without permission became illegal, and interior passports were issued to restrict free movement among citizens. Much of the construction work on canals, mines, and other enterprises was performed by political prisoners who were sent by the millions into the Gulag, a network of labor camps for people accused of committing crimes against the state.

Anyone accused of sabotage deliberate destructive acts by a discontented employee against an employer or wrecking could be shot. Meanwhile, in lateStalin instigated the collectivization of agriculture, in which farmers would be forced to abandon their individual farms and move onto state-owned collective farms. His extreme policy included executing or deporting the more prosperous peasants, who were called kulaks tightwads.

The rest of the peasants were to be placed on state-controlled communal farms. This program met with massive resistance from the farmers, who resented being driven from their land, but the government was ruthless. Millions of kulaks were shot or sent to labor camps. In Ukraine, southern Russia, and Khazakstan, millions more died in artificial famines created when Soviet officials confiscated the farmers' grain.

Bymost of Soviet agriculture had been collectivized. In all, twenty-six million farmers were placed oncollective farms, but it had cost more than ten million lives. Stalin developed a so-called cult of personality around himself, joseph stalin biography brevettato that his rule was to be perceived as that of an almost godlike father, beloved and obeyed without question by his people.

Dozens of cities, towns, and villages were named after him, as was the tallest mountain in the Soviet Union. In books and movies, he was compared to the sun, moon, and stars. In one famous poem of the s, as quoted in the Houston Chronicle, he was called the "Genius of all mankind" who "didst give birth to man … who didst make fertile the earth. Behind Stalin's power lay a monstrous policy of terror.

Inthe Red Army launched a series of major offensive operations, including the Battle of Stalingrad. Stalin faced setbacks in the Crimea and Kharkiv, but the strategic decision to encircle and destroy the German forces at Stalingrad became a turning point in the war. His authoritarian rule and ruthless tactics were responsible for significant losses and suffering, but he also played a key role in the defeat of Nazi Germany.

His legacy remains controversial, with some historians crediting him with saving the Soviet Union while others condemn him for his brutal dictatorship. Contact About Privacy. The other village children treated him cruelly, instilling in him a sense of inferiority. Because of this, Stalin began a quest for greatness and respect. He also developed a cruel streak for those who crossed him.

Stalin's mother, a devout Russian Orthodox Christianwanted him to become a priest. Inshe managed to enroll him in church school in Gori. Stalin did well in school, and his efforts gained him a scholarship to Tiflis Theological Seminary in A year later, Stalin came in contact with Messame Dassy, a secret organization that supported Georgian independence from Russia.

Some of the members were socialists who introduced him to the writings of Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin. Stalin joined the group in Though he excelled in seminary school, Stalin left in Accounts differ as to the reason; official school records state he was unable to pay the tuition and withdrew. It's also speculated he was asked to leave due to his political views challenging the tsarist regime of Nicholas II.

Stalin chose not to return home, but stayed in Tiflis, devoting his time to the revolutionary movement. For a time, he found work as a tutor and later as a clerk at the Tiflis Observatory. Inhe joined the Social Democratic Labor Party and worked full-time for the revolutionary movement. Inhe was arrested for coordinating a labor strike and exiled to Siberia, the first of his many arrests and exiles in the fledgling years of the Russian Revolution.

It was during this time that he adopted the name Stalin, meaning "steel" in Russian. Though never a strong joseph stalin biography brevettato like Vladimir Lenin or an intellectual like Leon TrotskyStalin excelled in the mundane operations of the revolution, calling meetings, publishing leaflets and organizing strikes and demonstrations.

After escaping from exile, he was marked by the Okhranka, the tsar's secret police as an outlaw and continued his work in hiding, raising money through robberies, kidnappings and extortion. In Februarythe Russian Revolution began. By March, the tsar had abdicated the throne and was placed under house arrest. For a time, the revolutionaries supported a provisional government, believing a smooth transition of power was possible.

But in AprilBolshevik leader Lenin denounced the provisional government, arguing that the people should rise up and take control by seizing land from the rich and factories from the industrialists. By October, the revolution was complete and the Bolsheviks were in control. The fledgling Soviet government went through a violent period after the revolution as various individuals vied for position and control.

InStalin was appointed to the newly created office of general secretary of the Communist Party. As German troops approached the Soviet capital of Moscow, Stalin remained there and directed a scorched earth defensive policy, destroying any supplies or infrastructure that might benefit the enemy. The tide turned for the Soviets with the Battle of Stalingrad from August to Februaryduring which the Red Army defeated the Germans and eventually drove them from Russia.

As the war progressed, Stalin participated in the major Allied conferences, including the Tehran Conference and the Yalta Conference His iron will and deft political skills enabled him to play the loyal ally while never abandoning his vision of an expanded postwar Soviet empire. Joseph Stalin did not mellow with age: He initiated a reign of terror, purges, executions, exiles to labor camps and persecution in the postwar USSR, suppressing all dissent and anything that smacked of foreign—especially Western—influence.

He established communist governments throughout Eastern Europe, and in led the Soviets into the nuclear age by exploding an atomic bomb. The Nazis and Soviets were mortal enemies. Why did they sign a nonaggression pact—and why didn't it last? Stalin, who grew increasingly paranoid in his later years, died on March 5,at age 74, after suffering a stroke.

Millions more were killed in the horrific famine that struck Ukraine in and the Kazakh region from toas a of Stalin's cruel efforts to impose collectivism of agriculture and tamp down Ukrainian nationalism. Joseph Stalin Joseph Stalin: National hero or cold-blooded murderer? Stalin killed millions. A Stanford historian answers the question, was it genocide?

Stanford News. An examination of the paranoia, cold-bloodedness, and sadism of two of the 20th century's most brutal dictators and mass murderers: Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin. You can opt out at any time. You must be 16 years or older and a resident of the United States.