Pneuhaus arni fritz zwicky biography

Pneuhaus arni fritz zwicky biography: Zwicky, Frank Zwicky. Management

He was a trailblazer who promoted numerous theories that did have a great impact on the world of astronomy. A great deal of the modern understanding of the universe comes from many of his original works. Inhis skills received great recognition when he was made a full Professor of Astronomy at Caltech. His abilities were also tapped by the private sector.

The Aerojet Engineering Corporation employed him in a research and consulting capacity for nearly two full decades. A search of the records of the US patent office shows he holds more than four dozen patents with a large number of them being concentrated in the area of jet propulsion. The accomplishments of Zwicky are numerous. His career spanned numerous decades and he was not a person who sat back and rested on his accomplishments.

He was always trying to move forward and build upon then. The field of astronomy is more the better for it thanks to his tireless work. One of the more innovative ideas he came up with was to use supernovae as standard candles as a means of making estimates of distance in deep space. This method involved overlaying negative and positive prints of the same region of the sky taken in different wavelengths.

He discovered and described tens of thousands of galaxies and their clusters, creating a fundamental six-volume catalog of galaxies. He conducted numerous studies on their spatial distribution and, based on the characteristics of this distribution, hypothesized the existence of intergalactic absorbing matter in cloud-like structures, as well as a general intergalactic field of dark matter.

Zwicky was the first to propose the existence of matter beyond the visible optical boundaries of galaxies, which has been confirmed by recent observations.

Pneuhaus arni fritz zwicky biography: biography arkansas leisure attractions learned

He also applied the virial theorem to galaxy clusters, along with S. Smith, and showed that the dynamic energy of clusters is too large unless hidden mass exists within them. Zwicky conducted searches for small-sized galaxies, leading to the discovery of very compact and highly luminous galaxies known as dwarf galaxies. From toZwicky served as the chief scientific consultant for the Aerojet General Corporation in Azusa, California.

Using this instrument, throughout his career Zwicky discovered supernovae in distant galaxies. His belief that supernovae could be used to map out the universe was correct but again it took many years before astronomers used this technique. Another remarkable prediction was made by Zwicky in after studying the COMA cluster of galaxies. He was able to estimate the velocities of the galaxies within the cluster and realised that the observed mass of the galaxies was not nearly enough to allow gravity to keep them bound together.

If this can be shown to be the case, then it would have the surprising result that dark matter is present in the Universe in far greater density than visible matter. Although much of the data that Zwicky was using, such as the best estimate for the Hubble constant, was later modified considerably, nevertheless his prediction based on relatively limited statistics is now universally accepted.

With this work he has earned himself the title of "Father of dark matter. Einstein had mentioned the fact that stars could act as gravitational lenses but noted that "there is no great chance of observing this phenomenon. In the first, Nebulae as gravitational lenseshe wrote I made some calculations which show that extragalactic nebulae offer a much better chance than stars for the observation of gravitational lens effects.

In the second letter of to The Physical reviewOn the probability of detecting nebulae which act as gravitational lensesZwicky wrote:- Provided that our present estimates of the masses of cluster nebulae are correct, the probability that nebulae which act as gravitational lenses will be found becomes practically a certainty. He also wrote that this method of gravitational lensing could be used to investigate dark matter.

As with many of Zwicky's pneuhaus arni fritzes zwicky biography, this was not followed up by astronomers for many years. In fact it was not untilover 40 years later, that the first gravitational lens was discovered. This was five years after Zwicky's death. Of course anyone who was prepared to put forward ideas as freely as Zwicky will get some wrong and, indeed, this is true of him.

Let us give one interesting example. The redshift of the galaxies was taken by most astronomers to be a Doppler Effect arising from an expanding universe. Zwicky was not satisfied with this explanation and noted, correctly, that there could be other causes such as a gravitational drag, light slowly losing energy over billions of years, or even that the laws of physics could change over time.

In he claimed to have a "proof" that the universe was older than the time from the "big bang" when the expansion began. His "proof" was based on the spherical nature of most clusters of galaxies which, he "proved" could only happen over a much longer timescale than that predicted by the expanding universe. There is much evidence today to show that Zwicky was wrong on this topic and the expansion of the universe is real.

Pneuhaus arni fritz zwicky biography: Index: Corporate Database Archive for Switzerland.

Let us now look at some work that Zwicky undertook on developing rockets. He was joined by a number of scientists from the California Institute of Technology including Zwicky. At this stage the basic interest of Aerojet was to produce rockets which could be used for spaceflight which would greatly advance astronomy and, in addition, other sciences.

At first no practical work was undertaken and the group met occasionally to discuss their objectives. Ritchey has catalogued 52 morphological models used between and in a report published in From transport disruption scenarios to postal customer service models, it included accident preparedness, climate change conflict scenarios, economic crime mitigation and humanitarian aid in warzone models.

The NessLabs website offers a free Zwicky template as a Google Doc to download, along with a simple guide. It suggests randomly picking an element from each column and combining them. You are bound to generate at least one or two high quality, innovative ideas. In fact, most morphological fields can be reduced by up to 90 or even 99 percent.

This reduction leaves us with a manageable number of configurations — i. You do this by comparing each condition with every other condition, and asking the question: Can these two conditions coexist? This is done by way of a cross-consistency assessment, with the help of a cross-consistency matrix. The field is reduced and we are left with a list of the surviving configurations.

This list represents the solution space of this particular problem complex. We could go right down the list and look at one after the other. However, with computer support, we can do much more.

Pneuhaus arni fritz zwicky biography: Full text of "Index of

In a study evaluating preparedness for accidents involving hazardous materials, Ritchey and others stress:. Its purpose is to facilitate structured, constructive discussions concerning how preparedness can be improved in a municipal rescue service. We have tested the instrument at six rescue services in different parts of Sweden. The tests have been well received and the test groups have enthusiastically discussed their own preparedness, including what can most easily be improved in order to attain better results.

We thus find the instrument a valuable resource for preparedness assessments within a rescue service, allowing for structured discussions and furnishing a method to help identify the effective means for improvements. In the last year of his life, Freeman Dyson wroteZwicky paid for a stylish wedding for his middle daughter and preached a sermon at the ceremony urging her to use morphological methods to deal with the problems of matrimony.

Not quite true. Theodore Taylor, who became a personal friend of Zwicky as an undergraduate at Caltech, used morphological thinking and worked at the Los Alamos laboratory designing nuclear weapons after the war. Sci-fi writers have been inspired by Zwicky, too. Robert A. Baade and Zwicky on supernovae 1 May Such a star may possess a very small radius and an extremely high density.

Wicked problem LINK. Swedish Morphological Society. Decision Support Modelling with Morphological Analysis. List of documents. Horst W. Rittel and Melvin M. Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning. Kurt Winkler. Fritz Zwicky and the Search for Dark Matter. Swiss American Historical Society, vol. Sign in. Password recovery. Forgot your password?